PKCS12(1) OpenSSL PKCS12(1) NNAAMMEE openssl-pkcs12, pkcs12 - PKCS#12 file utility SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS ooppeennssssll ppkkccss1122 [--eexxppoorrtt] [--cchhaaiinn] [--iinnkkeeyy ffiilleennaammee] [--cceerrttffiillee ffiillee-- nnaammee] [--nnaammee nnaammee] [--ccaannaammee nnaammee] [--iinn ffiilleennaammee] [--oouutt ffiilleennaammee] [--nnoooouutt] [--nnoommaaccvveerr] [--nnoocceerrttss] [--ccllcceerrttss] [--ccaacceerrttss] [--nnookkeeyyss] [--iinnffoo] [--ddeess || --ddeess33 || --iiddeeaa || --aaeess112288 || --aaeess119922 || --aaeess225566 || --ccaammeelllliiaa112288 || --ccaammeelllliiaa119922 || --ccaammeelllliiaa225566 || --nnooddeess] [--nnooiitteerr] [--mmaacciitteerr || --nnoommaacciitteerr || --nnoommaacc] [--ttwwooppaassss] [--ddeesscceerrtt] [--cceerrttppbbee cciipphheerr] [--kkeeyyppbbee cciipphheerr] [--mmaaccaallgg ddiiggeesstt] [--kkeeyyeexx] [--kkeeyyssiigg] [--ppaasssswwoorrdd aarrgg] [--ppaassssiinn aarrgg] [--ppaassssoouutt aarrgg] [--rraanndd ffiillee((ss))] [--CCAAffiillee ffiillee] [--CCAAppaatthh ddiirr] [--CCSSPP nnaammee] DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN The ppkkccss1122 command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as PFX files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several pro- grams including Netscape, MSIE and MS Outlook. CCOOMMMMAANNDD OOPPTTIIOONNSS There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12 file can be created by using the --eexxppoorrtt option (see below). PPAARRSSIINNGG OOPPTTIIOONNSS --iinn ffiilleennaammee This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used by default. --oouutt ffiilleennaammee The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by default. They are all written in PEM format. --ppaassssiinn aarrgg the PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more infor- mation about the format of aarrgg see the PPAASSSS PPHHRRAASSEE AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS sec- tion in _o_p_e_n_s_s_l(1). --ppaassssoouutt aarrgg pass phrase source to encrypt any outputted private keys with. For more information about the format of aarrgg see the PPAASSSS PPHHRRAASSEE AARRGGUU-- MMEENNTTSS section in _o_p_e_n_s_s_l(1). --ppaasssswwoorrdd aarrgg With -export, -password is equivalent to -passout. Otherwise, -password is equivalent to -passin. --nnoooouutt this option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file version of the PKCS#12 file. --ccllcceerrttss only output client certificates (not CA certificates). --ccaacceerrttss only output CA certificates (not client certificates). --nnoocceerrttss no certificates at all will be output. --nnookkeeyyss no private keys will be output. --iinnffoo output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms used and iteration counts. --ddeess use DES to encrypt private keys before outputting. --ddeess33 use triple DES to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default. --iiddeeaa use IDEA to encrypt private keys before outputting. --aaeess112288, --aaeess119922, --aaeess225566 use AES to encrypt private keys before outputting. --ccaammeelllliiaa112288, --ccaammeelllliiaa119922, --ccaammeelllliiaa225566 use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting. --nnooddeess don't encrypt the private keys at all. --nnoommaaccvveerr don't attempt to verify the integrity MAC before reading the file. --ttwwooppaassss prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most soft- ware always assumes these are the same so this option will render such PKCS#12 files unreadable. FFIILLEE CCRREEAATTIIOONN OOPPTTIIOONNSS --eexxppoorrtt This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than parsed. --oouutt ffiilleennaammee This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard out- put is used by default. --iinn ffiilleennaammee The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by default. They must all be in PEM format. The order doesn't matter but one private key and its corresponding certifi- cate should be present. If additional certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file. --iinnkkeeyy ffiilleennaammee file to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present in the input file. --nnaammee ffrriieennddllyynnaammee This specifies the "friendly name" for the certificate and private key. This name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file. --cceerrttffiillee ffiilleennaammee A filename to read additional certificates from. --ccaannaammee ffrriieennddllyynnaammee This specifies the "friendly name" for other certificates. This option may be used multiple times to specify names for all certifi- cates in the order they appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas MSIE displays them. --ppaassss aarrgg, --ppaassssoouutt aarrgg the PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about the format of aarrgg see the PPAASSSS PPHHRRAASSEE AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS section in _o_p_e_n_s_s_l(1). --ppaassssiinn ppaasssswwoorrdd pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information about the format of aarrgg see the PPAASSSS PPHHRRAASSEE AARRGGUUMMEENNTTSS section in _o_p_e_n_s_s_l(1). --cchhaaiinn if this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard CA store is used for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error. --ddeesscceerrtt encrypt the certificate using triple DES, this may render the PKCS#12 file unreadable by some "export grade" software. By default the private key is encrypted using triple DES and the certificate using 40 bit RC2. --kkeeyyppbbee aallgg, --cceerrttppbbee aallgg these options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 PBE algorithm name can be used (see NNOOTTEESS section for more informa- tion). If a cipher name (as output by the lliisstt--cciipphheerr--aallggoorriitthhmmss command is specified then it is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interop- erability reasons it is advisable to only use PKCS#12 algorithms. --kkeeyyeexx||--kkeeyyssiigg specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing. This option is only interpreted by MSIE and similar MS software. Normally "export grade" software will only allow 512 bit RSA keys to be used for encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The --kkeeyyssiigg option marks the key for sign- ing only. Signing only keys can be used for S/MIME signing, authen- ticode (ActiveX control signing) and SSL client authentication, however due to a bug only MSIE 5.0 and later support the use of signing only keys for SSL client authentication. --mmaaccaallgg ddiiggeesstt specify the MAC digest algorithm. If not included them SHA1 will be used. --nnoommaacciitteerr, --nnooiitteerr these options affect the iteration counts on the MAC and key algo- rithms. Unless you wish to produce files compatible with MSIE 4.0 you should leave these options alone. To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common pass- words the algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it down. The MAC is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked. By default both MAC and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using these options the MAC and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you really have to. Most software sup- ports both MAC and key iteration counts. MSIE 4.0 doesn't support MAC iteration counts so it needs the --nnoommaacciitteerr option. --mmaacciitteerr This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used to be needed to use MAC iterations counts but they are now used by default. --nnoommaacc don't attempt to provide the MAC integrity. --rraanndd ffiillee((ss)) a file or files containing random data used to seed the random num- ber generator, or an EGD socket (see _R_A_N_D___e_g_d(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The sepa- rator is ;; for MS-Windows, ,, for OpenVMS, and :: for all others. --CCAAffiillee ffiillee CA storage as a file. --CCAAppaatthh ddiirr CA storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard cer- tificate directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using xx550099 --hhaasshh) should be linked to each certificate. --CCSSPP nnaammee write nnaammee as a Microsoft CSP name. NNOOTTEESS Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only --iinn and --oouutt need to be used for PKCS#12 file creation --eexxppoorrtt and --nnaammee are also used. If none of the --ccllcceerrttss, --ccaacceerrttss or --nnoocceerrttss options are present then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires a private key and certificate and assumes the first certifi- cate in the file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always be the case. Using the --ccllcceerrttss option will solve this prob- lem by only outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the CA certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using the --nnookkeeyyss --ccaacceerrttss options to just output CA cer- tificates. The --kkeeyyppbbee and --cceerrttppbbee algorithms allow the precise encryption algo- rithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple DES encrypted private keys, then the option --kkeeyyppbbee PPBBEE--SSHHAA11--RRCC22--4400 can be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit RC2. A complete description of all algorithms is contained in the ppkkccss88 manual page. EEXXAAMMPPLLEESS Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file: openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem Output only client certificates to a file: openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -clcerts -out file.pem Don't encrypt the private key: openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -out file.pem -nodes Print some info about a PKCS#12 file: openssl pkcs12 -in file.p12 -info -noout Create a PKCS#12 file: openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" Include some extra certificates: openssl pkcs12 -export -in file.pem -out file.p12 -name "My Certificate" \ -certfile othercerts.pem BBUUGGSS Some would argue that the PKCS#12 standard is one big bug :-) Versions of OpenSSL before 0.9.6a had a bug in the PKCS#12 key genera- tion routines. Under rare circumstances this could produce a PKCS#12 file encrypted with an invalid key. As a result some PKCS#12 files which triggered this bug from other implementations (MSIE or Netscape) could not be decrypted by OpenSSL and similarly OpenSSL could produce PKCS#12 files which could not be decrypted by other implementations. The chances of producing such a file are relatively small: less than 1 in 256. A side effect of fixing this bug is that any old invalidly encrypted PKCS#12 files cannot no longer be parsed by the fixed version. Under such circumstances the ppkkccss1122 utility will report that the MAC is OK but fail with a decryption error when extracting private keys. This problem can be resolved by extracting the private keys and cer- tificates from the PKCS#12 file using an older version of OpenSSL and recreating the PKCS#12 file from the keys and certificates using a newer version of OpenSSL. For example: old-openssl -in bad.p12 -out keycerts.pem openssl -in keycerts.pem -export -name "My PKCS#12 file" -out fixed.p12 SSEEEE AALLSSOO _p_k_c_s_8(1) 1.0.2u 2019-12-20 PKCS12(1)